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Shaku (ritual baton)
is the Japanese name for a flat ritual tablet or scepter of Chinese origin. The original subject is 笏 hù in China. According to the ranks, each class hold hù made of different material. For instance, Chinese emperors use jade hù (more correctly called 圭 gui), princes use ivory hù, and court officials use bamboo hù. Shaku usually made of woods like Japanese yew, holly, cherry, sakaki or Japanese cedar,〔 the ''shaku'' is often seen in portraits of shoguns, emperors and noblemen but is now used mostly by Shinto priests (the ''kannushi'').
The use of the ''shaku'' as a ritual baton originated in ancient China, where in Mandarin it is called ''hù'' with the same Chinese character.〔''Classic of Rites'': "笏長二尺六寸，中宽三寸。" (''Hù'' (笏) has a length of two ''chǐ'' six ''cùn'', (and its) mid part has a width of three ''cùn'') - the earliest standard for ''Shaku''.〕 The standard reading for the character used to write ''shaku'' is ''kotsu'', but that is also one of the readings for the character and is thus avoided to prevent bad luck.〔Iwanami Japanese dictionary, 6th Edition (2008), DVD version〕 The character's unusual pronunciation seems to derive from the fact the baton is approximately one ''shaku'' (an old unit of measurement equivalent to 30.3 cm) in length.〔
==Origins and evolution==
A ''shaku'' or is a baton or scepter about 35 cm long held vertically in the right hand, and was traditionally part of a nobleman's formal attire (the ''sokutai'', see photo).〔 Today it is used however mostly by Shinto priests during functions, not only with a ''sokutai'' but with other types of formal clothing as the ''Jōe'', the and the .〔 The Emperor's ''shaku'' is more or less square at both ends, while a retainer's is rounded above and square at the bottom.〔 Both become progressively narrow towards the bottom.〔 Oak is considered the best, followed in order by holly, cherry, sakaki and Japanese cedar.〔
The ''shaku'' originally had a strip of paper attached to the back containing instructions and memoranda for the ceremony or event about to take place, but it later evolved into a purely ceremonial implement meant to add solemnity to rituals.〔 According to the Taiho Code, a set of administrative laws implemented in the year 701, nobles of the fifth rank and above had to use an ivory ''shaku'', while those below that rank were to use oak, Japanese yew, holly, cherry, sakaki, Japanese cedar, or other woods.〔〔 Ivory, however, was too hard to obtain, and the law was changed. The Engishiki, a Japanese book of laws and regulations written in 927, permits to all the use of shaku of unfinished wood, except when wearing special ceremonial clothes called .〔〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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